Ukrainians have displayed remarkable resilience in the year since Vladimir Putin’s invasion but the conflict has resulted in a collective trauma which is likely to affect the country for a generation, a British aid worker has said.

The past 12 months have seen those who remained in or have returned to Ukraine engage in a “dark routine” of still walking their dogs in the park or eating out in restaurants but always being ready to run to a bomb shelter in case of an attack, Craig Tucker said.

The British Red Cross country manager for the office in Ukraine praised the positive attitude of locals but told of a “progressive erosion of people’s resilience” as the war continues.

Speaking from Kyiv, Mr Tucker said: “Ukrainians are remarkably resilient and they have really quite intentionally, I think, tried to remain as positive as possible given the environment.”

He said walks around Kyiv reveal jokes on some of the walls, something he sees as an effort to “not let this become too much for people”.

But he added: “There is a collective trauma, there’s no question about that. And I talk about this as the kind of invisible threat. There’s this collective trauma, there’s a progressive erosion of people’s resilience, which is affecting Ukrainians’ wellbeing now but will affect the country for a generation.”

The 37-year-old, from Harrogate, North Yorkshire, who has been in Ukraine since March 2022 and had previously worked in Africa and the Middle East, said people living in the midst of conflict have to find a new routine.

“Going down to a bomb shelter is now part of our normal routine when the sirens go off,” he said.

“Yes, people are going to the supermarket, you can go to a restaurant for a meal. It’s just during that meal, an air raid siren might go off and if you’re lucky, you’re in a restaurant that’s already in a basement so you can just kind of carry on. If not, you’ve got to go and find a basement somewhere.

“So those things are becoming routine, and that’s kind of a dark routine to get into.”

People also face “micro stresses” such as ensuring they have stocked enough food and water in case supply chains break down.

As the one-year mark approaches there is a “perpetual fear” of what comes next and the ability to cope with such unpredictability, Mr Tucker said.

He added: “That fear is definitely there of potential escalation again in the future. I think it’s palpable, really, that fear that things could escalate at any point very quickly again, and until any kind of permanent peace was in place, I think that fear would continue.

“As I mentioned, there’s a lot of collective trauma there and so, yeah, there’s just this perpetual fear of something happening again and the ability to cope with a new set of needs on top of what’s already there. I think that’s the big concern as well.

“Any major displacements again, when we’re already struggling to cope with past displacements, of course, just mean very vulnerable people are at very high risk, whether it’s from the elements or not having a safe place to stay.”

He described an “underlying, invisible mental health threat” as “one of my biggest worries – and that’s for Ukrainians first and foremost, but also for the people here who are supporting them”.

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